Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your The Black Sea shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the The Black Sea offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of The Black Sea at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a The Black Sea? Wrong! If the The Black Sea is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about The Black Sea then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling The Black Sea? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about The Black Sea and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your The Black Sea wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your The Black Sea then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the The Black Sea site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about The Black Sea, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your The Black Sea, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.



The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and the Anatolia (Turkey) and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Seas and various straits. The Bosporus strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, then the long island-bound strait of the Dardenelles to the Aegean Sea region of the Mediterranean. These waters separate eastern Europe and western Asia. The Black sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.

The Black Sea has an area of ,1 E11 m²— and a maximum depth of 2200 m. (7,218 ft.)Like the Mediterranean Sea, there is a net inflow of seawater through the Bosporus into the oceanic region of some per year, that is lost to evaporation or into geologic faults and so gradually raises the salinity. Freshwater flows in from the surrounding areas, especially central and middle-eastern Europe, per year. The most important river entering the Black Sea is the Danube. The Danube Spills into the Black Sea NASA Visible Earth. Retrieved 2 December 2006.

Countries bordering the Black Sea are Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia (country).Sosio-economic indicators for the countries of the Black Sea basin. (2001). In UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library. Retrieved 2 December 2006 from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/sosio_economic_indicators_for_the_countries_of_the_black_sea_basin_giwa. The Crimean peninsula is a Ukrainian autonomous republic.

Important cities along the coast include: Constanţa (urban area of 401,613), Mangalia, Burgas, Varna (urban area of 357,752) , Odessa, Sevastopol, Yalta, Kerch, Novorossiysk (281,400), Sochi, Sukhumi, Poti, Batumi, Trabzon, Samsun (439,000) and Zonguldak.

Name Modern names of the Sea are equivalents of the English name, "Black Sea", including Bulgarian language Cherno more (Черно море), Georgian language Shavi zghva (შავი ზღვა), Laz language Ucha Zuğa, or simply Zuğa 'Sea', Romanian language Marea Neagră, Russian language Chyornoye more (Чёрное море), Turkish language Karadeniz, Ukrainian language Chorne more (Чорне море), Ubykh language . This name cannot be traced to an earlier date than the thirteenth century, but there are indications that it may be considerably older.

Strabo's Geography (1.2.10) reports that in antiquity, the Black Sea was often just called "the Sea" (pontos). For the most part, Graeco-Roman tradition refers to the Black Sea as the 'Hospitable sea', Euxeinos Pontos (). This is a euphemism replacing an earlier 'Inhospitable Sea', Pontos Axeinos, first attested in Pindar (early fifth century BCE). Strabo (7.3.6) thinks that the Black Sea was called "inhospitable" before Greek colonization because it was difficult to navigate, and because its shores were inhabited by savage tribes; and that the name was changed to "hospitable" after the Milesians (Greek) had colonized, making it part of Greek civilization. It is also possible that the name Axeinos arose by Folk etymology from an Iranian axšaina- 'dark'; the designation "Black Sea" may thus date from Antiquity. The reason for the name may be an ancient assignment of colours to the direction of the compass — black referring to the north, and red referring to the south. Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.Schmitt 1996

Another possible explanation comes from the colour of the Black Sea's deep waters. Being further north than the Mediterranean Sea and much less saline, the algae concentration is much richer, causing the dark colour. Visibility in the Black Sea is on average approximately five meters (5.5 Yard), as compared to up to thirty-five meters (38 yd) in the Mediterranean.

One Bulgarian understanding of the name is that the sea used to be quite stormy. Some sources stipulate that it goes back to the time of Noah's Ark. The Black Sea deluge theory is based on that idea.

In naval science, the Black Sea is thought to have received its name because of its hydrogen sulfide layer that begins about 200 meters below the surface, and that ends all life from that point downward.

Geology and bathymetry .The Black Sea forms an enclosed basin, located between south-eastern Europe and Anatolia. The basin was formed during the Miocene orogeny which uplifted the mountain ranges and divided the ancient Tethys Ocean into several brackish basins, including the Sarmatic Sea. The Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, Aral Sea and Black Seas are the remnants of this evaporated basin.

The basin is divided into two sub-basins by a convexity extending south from the Crimea. The north-west of the basin is characterized by a relatively large shelf up to 190 km wide, which has a relatively shallow apron with gradients between 1:40 and 1:1000. The southern edge around Turkey and the eastern edge around Georgia (country), however, are typified by a shelf that rarely exceeds 20 km in width and an apron that is typically 1:40 gradient with numerous submarine canyons and channel extensions. The Euxine abyssal plain in the centre of the Black Sea reaches a maximum depth of 2,206 Metre just south of Yalta on the Crimean peninsula. The basin is connected to the Mediterranean Sea via the Turkish Straits System (TSS) in the south-west, which includes the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits and the Sea of Marmara. The Black Sea is connected to the Sea of Azov in the north-east via the Kerch straits.

Hydrology and hydrochemistry MODIS.The Black Sea is the world’s largest meromictic basin where the deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere. As a result, over 90% of the deeper Black Sea volume is Anoxic sea water. The current hydrochemical configuration is primarily controlled by basin topography and fluvial inputs, which result in a strongly stratified vertical structure and a positive water balance. The upper layers are generally cooler, less dense and less salty than the deeper waters, as they are fed by large fluvial systems, whereas the deep waters originate from the warm, salty waters of the Mediterranean. This influx of dense water from Mediterranean is balanced by an outflow of fresher Black Sea surface-water into the Marmara Sea, maintaining the stratification and salinity levels.

The surface water has an average salinity of 18 to 18.5 Parts per notation and contains oxygen and other nutrients required to sustain biotic activity. These waters circulate in a basin-wide anti-cyclonic shelfbreak gyre known as the Rim Current which transports water round the perimeter of the Black Sea. Within this feature, two smaller cyclonic gyres operate, occupying the eastern and western sectors of the basin. Outside the Rim Current, numerous quasi-permanent coastal eddies are formed due to upwelling around the coastal apron and ‘wind curl’ mechanisms. The intra-annual strength of these features is controlled by seasonal atmospheric and fluvial variations. Sea Surface Temperature of the surface waters varies seasonally from 8°Celsius to 30°C.

Directly beneath the surface waters the Cold Intermediate Layer (CIL) is found. This layer is composed of cool, salty surface waters, which are the result of localised atmospheric cooling and decreased fluvial input during the winter months. The production of this water is focussed in the centre of the major gyres and on the NW shelf and as the water is not dense enough to penetrate the deep waters, isopycnal advection occurs, dispersing the water across the entire basin. The base of the CIL is marked by a major thermocline, halocline and pycnocline at ~100-200m and this density disparity is the major cause of deep-water isolation.

Below the pycnocline, salinity increases to 22 to 22.5 ppt and temperatures rise to around 8.5°C. The hydrochemical environment shifts from oxygenated to anoxic, as bacterial decomposition of sunken biomass utilises all of the free oxygen. Certain species of extremophile bacteria are capable of using sulfate (SO42−) in the redox of organic material, which leads to the creation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This enables the precipitation of sulfides such as iron-sulphides like pyrite, greigite and iron-monosulphide as well as the dissolution of carbonate matter such as Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) found in shells. Organic matter, including anthropogenic artefacts such as boat hulls, are well preserved. During periods of high surface productivity, short-lived algal blooms cause organic rich layer known as sapropels to occur. Scientists have reported an annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region. Black Sea Becomes Turquoise earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2 December 2006.

Another danger to people posed by the anoxic layer could come from a small asteroid's impact into the Black Sea. Recently modelling shows there is a significant threat to life for people living on the sea's shore.R.D. Schuiling, R.B. Cathcart, V. Badescu, D. Isvoranu and E. Pelinovsky, "Asteroid impact in the Black Sea. Death by drowning or asphyxiation?", Natural Hazards (October 2006) DOI: 10.1007/s11069-006-0017-7

Fauna Image:black_sea_fauna_jelly_01.jpg|Jellyfish, near Romanian coast.Image:black_sea_fauna_actinia_01.jpg|Actinia, near Romanian coast.Image:black_sea_fauna_actinia_02.JPG|Actinia, near Romanian coast.Image:black_sea_fauna_goby_01.jpg|Goby, near Romanian coast.Image:black_sea_fauna_stingray_01.jpg|Stingray, near Romanian coast.Image:Black_sea_mullus_barbatus_ponticus_01.jpg|Goat fish, near Romanian coast.Image:Black_sea_fauna_hermit_crab_01.JPG|Hermit crab, near Romanian coast.Image:Black_sea_fauna_blue_sponge.jpg|Blue sponge (?), near Romanian coast.Image:Spiny_dogfish.jpg|Spiny Dogfish (Black Sea Sharks at Risk)

Mediterranean connection during the Holocene .While it is agreed that the Black Sea has been a freshwater lake (at least in upper layers) with a considerably lower level during the Ice Age, its post glacial development into a marine sea is still a subject of intensive study and debate. There are catastrophic scenarios such as put forward by William Ryan (geologist) and Walter Pitman (geologist) as well as models emphasizing a more gradual transition to saline conditions and transgression in the Black Sea.

They are based on different theories about the level the freshwater lake had reached by the time the Mediterranean Sea was high enough to flow over the Dardanelles and the Bosporus. On the other hand, a study of the sea floor on the Aegean side shows that in the 8th millennium BC there was a large flow of fresh water out of the Black Sea.New Scientist, 4 May 2002, p.13.

In a series of expeditions, a team of marine archaeologists led by Robert Ballard identified what appeared to be ancient shorelines, freshwater snail shells, drowned river valleys, tool-worked timbers, and man-made structures in roughly 300 Foot (unit of length) (100 m) of water off the Black Sea coast of modern Turkey. Radiocarbon dating of freshwater mollusc remains indicated an age of about seven thousand years.

Deluge theory In 1997, William Ryan and Walter Pitman from Columbia University published a theory that a massive flood through the Bosporus occurred in ancient times. They claim that the Black and Caspian Seas were vast freshwater lakes, but that about 5600 BC, the Mediterranean Sea spilled over a rocky sill at the Bosporus, creating the current communication between the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Subsequent work has been done both to support and to discredit this theory, and archaeologists still debate it. This has led some to associate this catastrophe with prehistoric Deluge (mythology).

History . Black Sea Fleet in the Bay of Theodosia, just before the Crimean War.The steppes to the north of the Black Sea have been suggested as the original homeland (Urheimat) of the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, (PIE) the progenitor of the Indo-European languages family, by some scholars (see Kurgan; others move the heartland further east towards the Caspian Sea, yet others to Anatolia).

The land at the eastern end of the Black Sea, Colchis (now Georgia (country)), marked for the Greeks an edge of the known world.

The Black Sea was a significant naval theatre of Naval warfare of World War I#Black Sea and saw both naval and land battles of the Eastern Front (World War II).

Holiday resorts and spas In the years following the end of the Cold War, the popularity of the Black Sea as a Tourism destination has been steadily increasing, particularly in Bulgaria. Overall, tourism at Black Sea resorts has become one of the region's growth industries. The following is a list of well-known Black Sea resorts:

{{columns |width=20em|col1 = |col2 = -->1 Abkhazia has been a de facto independent republic since 1992, although remains a de jure autonomous republic of Georgia.

Regional organizations {| style="width:500px"|-| (BSEC) || |-| (CDC) || (BSF) |-|}See also the Balkans#Regional organizations and Post-Soviet states#Regional organizations

See also

References and bibliography

External links

{{Template group|list =-->





The Black Sea is an inland sea between southeastern Europe and the Anatolia (Turkey) and is ultimately connected to the Atlantic Ocean via the Mediterranean Sea and Aegean Seas and various straits. The Bosporus strait connects it to the Sea of Marmara, then the long island-bound strait of the Dardenelles to the Aegean Sea region of the Mediterranean. These waters separate eastern Europe and western Asia. The Black sea is also connected to the Sea of Azov by the Strait of Kerch.

The Black Sea has an area of ,1 E11 m²— and a maximum depth of 2200 m. (7,218 ft.)Like the Mediterranean Sea, there is a net inflow of seawater through the Bosporus into the oceanic region of some per year, that is lost to evaporation or into geologic faults and so gradually raises the salinity. Freshwater flows in from the surrounding areas, especially central and middle-eastern Europe, per year. The most important river entering the Black Sea is the Danube. The Danube Spills into the Black Sea NASA Visible Earth. Retrieved 2 December 2006.

Countries bordering the Black Sea are Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Russia, and Georgia (country).Sosio-economic indicators for the countries of the Black Sea basin. (2001). In UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library. Retrieved 2 December 2006 from http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/sosio_economic_indicators_for_the_countries_of_the_black_sea_basin_giwa. The Crimean peninsula is a Ukrainian autonomous republic.

Important cities along the coast include: Constanţa (urban area of 401,613), Mangalia, Burgas, Varna (urban area of 357,752) , Odessa, Sevastopol, Yalta, Kerch, Novorossiysk (281,400), Sochi, Sukhumi, Poti, Batumi, Trabzon, Samsun (439,000) and Zonguldak.

Name Modern names of the Sea are equivalents of the English name, "Black Sea", including Bulgarian language Cherno more (Черно море), Georgian language Shavi zghva (შავი ზღვა), Laz language Ucha Zuğa, or simply Zuğa 'Sea', Romanian language Marea Neagră, Russian language Chyornoye more (Чёрное море), Turkish language Karadeniz, Ukrainian language Chorne more (Чорне море), Ubykh language . This name cannot be traced to an earlier date than the thirteenth century, but there are indications that it may be considerably older.

Strabo's Geography (1.2.10) reports that in antiquity, the Black Sea was often just called "the Sea" (pontos). For the most part, Graeco-Roman tradition refers to the Black Sea as the 'Hospitable sea', Euxeinos Pontos (). This is a euphemism replacing an earlier 'Inhospitable Sea', Pontos Axeinos, first attested in Pindar (early fifth century BCE). Strabo (7.3.6) thinks that the Black Sea was called "inhospitable" before Greek colonization because it was difficult to navigate, and because its shores were inhabited by savage tribes; and that the name was changed to "hospitable" after the Milesians (Greek) had colonized, making it part of Greek civilization. It is also possible that the name Axeinos arose by Folk etymology from an Iranian axšaina- 'dark'; the designation "Black Sea" may thus date from Antiquity. The reason for the name may be an ancient assignment of colours to the direction of the compass — black referring to the north, and red referring to the south. Herodotus on one occasion uses Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.Schmitt 1996

Another possible explanation comes from the colour of the Black Sea's deep waters. Being further north than the Mediterranean Sea and much less saline, the algae concentration is much richer, causing the dark colour. Visibility in the Black Sea is on average approximately five meters (5.5 Yard), as compared to up to thirty-five meters (38 yd) in the Mediterranean.

One Bulgarian understanding of the name is that the sea used to be quite stormy. Some sources stipulate that it goes back to the time of Noah's Ark. The Black Sea deluge theory is based on that idea.

In naval science, the Black Sea is thought to have received its name because of its hydrogen sulfide layer that begins about 200 meters below the surface, and that ends all life from that point downward.

Geology and bathymetry .The Black Sea forms an enclosed basin, located between south-eastern Europe and Anatolia. The basin was formed during the Miocene orogeny which uplifted the mountain ranges and divided the ancient Tethys Ocean into several brackish basins, including the Sarmatic Sea. The Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, Aral Sea and Black Seas are the remnants of this evaporated basin.

The basin is divided into two sub-basins by a convexity extending south from the Crimea. The north-west of the basin is characterized by a relatively large shelf up to 190 km wide, which has a relatively shallow apron with gradients between 1:40 and 1:1000. The southern edge around Turkey and the eastern edge around Georgia (country), however, are typified by a shelf that rarely exceeds 20 km in width and an apron that is typically 1:40 gradient with numerous submarine canyons and channel extensions. The Euxine abyssal plain in the centre of the Black Sea reaches a maximum depth of 2,206 Metre just south of Yalta on the Crimean peninsula. The basin is connected to the Mediterranean Sea via the Turkish Straits System (TSS) in the south-west, which includes the Bosporus and Dardanelles straits and the Sea of Marmara. The Black Sea is connected to the Sea of Azov in the north-east via the Kerch straits.

Hydrology and hydrochemistry MODIS.The Black Sea is the world’s largest meromictic basin where the deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere. As a result, over 90% of the deeper Black Sea volume is Anoxic sea water. The current hydrochemical configuration is primarily controlled by basin topography and fluvial inputs, which result in a strongly stratified vertical structure and a positive water balance. The upper layers are generally cooler, less dense and less salty than the deeper waters, as they are fed by large fluvial systems, whereas the deep waters originate from the warm, salty waters of the Mediterranean. This influx of dense water from Mediterranean is balanced by an outflow of fresher Black Sea surface-water into the Marmara Sea, maintaining the stratification and salinity levels.

The surface water has an average salinity of 18 to 18.5 Parts per notation and contains oxygen and other nutrients required to sustain biotic activity. These waters circulate in a basin-wide anti-cyclonic shelfbreak gyre known as the Rim Current which transports water round the perimeter of the Black Sea. Within this feature, two smaller cyclonic gyres operate, occupying the eastern and western sectors of the basin. Outside the Rim Current, numerous quasi-permanent coastal eddies are formed due to upwelling around the coastal apron and ‘wind curl’ mechanisms. The intra-annual strength of these features is controlled by seasonal atmospheric and fluvial variations. Sea Surface Temperature of the surface waters varies seasonally from 8°Celsius to 30°C.

Directly beneath the surface waters the Cold Intermediate Layer (CIL) is found. This layer is composed of cool, salty surface waters, which are the result of localised atmospheric cooling and decreased fluvial input during the winter months. The production of this water is focussed in the centre of the major gyres and on the NW shelf and as the water is not dense enough to penetrate the deep waters, isopycnal advection occurs, dispersing the water across the entire basin. The base of the CIL is marked by a major thermocline, halocline and pycnocline at ~100-200m and this density disparity is the major cause of deep-water isolation.

Below the pycnocline, salinity increases to 22 to 22.5 ppt and temperatures rise to around 8.5°C. The hydrochemical environment shifts from oxygenated to anoxic, as bacterial decomposition of sunken biomass utilises all of the free oxygen. Certain species of extremophile bacteria are capable of using sulfate (SO42−) in the redox of organic material, which leads to the creation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This enables the precipitation of sulfides such as iron-sulphides like pyrite, greigite and iron-monosulphide as well as the dissolution of carbonate matter such as Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) found in shells. Organic matter, including anthropogenic artefacts such as boat hulls, are well preserved. During periods of high surface productivity, short-lived algal blooms cause organic rich layer known as sapropels to occur. Scientists have reported an annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of the region. Black Sea Becomes Turquoise earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2 December 2006.

Another danger to people posed by the anoxic layer could come from a small asteroid's impact into the Black Sea. Recently modelling shows there is a significant threat to life for people living on the sea's shore.R.D. Schuiling, R.B. Cathcart, V. Badescu, D. Isvoranu and E. Pelinovsky, "Asteroid impact in the Black Sea. Death by drowning or asphyxiation?", Natural Hazards (October 2006) DOI: 10.1007/s11069-006-0017-7

Fauna Image:black_sea_fauna_jelly_01.jpg|Jellyfish, near Romanian coast.Image:black_sea_fauna_actinia_01.jpg|Actinia, near Romanian coast.Image:black_sea_fauna_actinia_02.JPG|Actinia, near Romanian coast.Image:black_sea_fauna_goby_01.jpg|Goby, near Romanian coast.Image:black_sea_fauna_stingray_01.jpg|Stingray, near Romanian coast.Image:Black_sea_mullus_barbatus_ponticus_01.jpg|Goat fish, near Romanian coast.Image:Black_sea_fauna_hermit_crab_01.JPG|Hermit crab, near Romanian coast.Image:Black_sea_fauna_blue_sponge.jpg|Blue sponge (?), near Romanian coast.Image:Spiny_dogfish.jpg|Spiny Dogfish (Black Sea Sharks at Risk)

Mediterranean connection during the Holocene .While it is agreed that the Black Sea has been a freshwater lake (at least in upper layers) with a considerably lower level during the Ice Age, its post glacial development into a marine sea is still a subject of intensive study and debate. There are catastrophic scenarios such as put forward by William Ryan (geologist) and Walter Pitman (geologist) as well as models emphasizing a more gradual transition to saline conditions and transgression in the Black Sea.

They are based on different theories about the level the freshwater lake had reached by the time the Mediterranean Sea was high enough to flow over the Dardanelles and the Bosporus. On the other hand, a study of the sea floor on the Aegean side shows that in the 8th millennium BC there was a large flow of fresh water out of the Black Sea.New Scientist, 4 May 2002, p.13.

In a series of expeditions, a team of marine archaeologists led by Robert Ballard identified what appeared to be ancient shorelines, freshwater snail shells, drowned river valleys, tool-worked timbers, and man-made structures in roughly 300 Foot (unit of length) (100 m) of water off the Black Sea coast of modern Turkey. Radiocarbon dating of freshwater mollusc remains indicated an age of about seven thousand years.

Deluge theory In 1997, William Ryan and Walter Pitman from Columbia University published a theory that a massive flood through the Bosporus occurred in ancient times. They claim that the Black and Caspian Seas were vast freshwater lakes, but that about 5600 BC, the Mediterranean Sea spilled over a rocky sill at the Bosporus, creating the current communication between the Black and Mediterranean Seas. Subsequent work has been done both to support and to discredit this theory, and archaeologists still debate it. This has led some to associate this catastrophe with prehistoric Deluge (mythology).

History . Black Sea Fleet in the Bay of Theodosia, just before the Crimean War.The steppes to the north of the Black Sea have been suggested as the original homeland (Urheimat) of the speakers of the Proto-Indo-European language, (PIE) the progenitor of the Indo-European languages family, by some scholars (see Kurgan; others move the heartland further east towards the Caspian Sea, yet others to Anatolia).

The land at the eastern end of the Black Sea, Colchis (now Georgia (country)), marked for the Greeks an edge of the known world.

The Black Sea was a significant naval theatre of Naval warfare of World War I#Black Sea and saw both naval and land battles of the Eastern Front (World War II).

Holiday resorts and spas In the years following the end of the Cold War, the popularity of the Black Sea as a Tourism destination has been steadily increasing, particularly in Bulgaria. Overall, tourism at Black Sea resorts has become one of the region's growth industries. The following is a list of well-known Black Sea resorts:

{{columns |width=20em|col1 = |col2 = -->1 Abkhazia has been a de facto independent republic since 1992, although remains a de jure autonomous republic of Georgia.

Regional organizations {| style="width:500px"|-| (BSEC) || |-| (CDC) || (BSF) |-|}See also the Balkans#Regional organizations and Post-Soviet states#Regional organizations

See also

References and bibliography

External links

{{Template group|list =-->





 

The Black Sea



 
Copyright © 2008 Hintcenter.com - All rights reserved.
Home | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy
All Trademarks belong to their repective owners. Many aspects of this page are used under
commercial commons license from Yahoo!